Zircon sand dressing technical information
Zircon mineral (processing of zircon ores)
The process of removing impurities in zircon ore and increasing the zircon content. Zircon (also known as zircon) is zirconium orthosilicate, and its chemical formula is ZrSiO4, which is the most common type of zirconium-containing minerals. Most of the zircon deposits are seashore sand mines. Heavy sand-containing zircon usually symbiotic magnet ore, iron titanium, rutile, monazite and other heavy minerals. Generally, when zircon is selected, these heavy minerals are also recovered as target minerals.
Zircon is mainly used as a raw material for zirconate refractory bricks, and can also be used for precision casting sand and ceramic tools.
The main producers of zircon in the world are Australia, the United States, and Brazil. Chinese zircon is mainly produced in Guangdong, Hainan and other provinces.
Product Quality Standards China's industry quality standards (YB834) for zircon concentrate products are shown in Table 1.
The beneficiation method often uses re-election, magnetic separation, electrostatic selection and flotation.
Forming multiple zircon reselection in the presence of ilmenite, and frequently with hematite, chromium and iron garnet and other heavy minerals. Therefore, the enrichment of zircon is often used in the initial stage of re-election, such as the separation of heavy minerals from gangue ( quartz , feldspar , biotite ) by a shaker, and then separated from other heavy minerals by other mineral processing methods. .
The commonly used collectors for flotation are fatty acids (oleic acid, sodium oleate), etc.; the pulp regulator is sodium carbonate; the inhibitor is sodium silicate; the activator is sodium sulfide and heavy metal salts (zirconium chloride, ferric chloride) ). It is also useful to adjust the slurry to acidity with oxalic acid and to float with an amine collector.
It is selected from electrically conductive differences using the mineral ilmenite, hematite, chromite, cassiterite, minerals such as rutile conductive nonconductive mineral zircon, monazite, garnet, apatite and the like separated. Prior to electrification, pre-de-sludge classification, drying and dosing should be carried out.
Magnetic minerals in magnetically selected heavy minerals include ilmenite, hematite, chromite, garnet, biotite, and monazite. Zircon is a non-magnetic mineral or a weak magnetic mineral (the iron in the zircon in some deposits is weakly magnetic). Magnetic separation is divided into dry and wet. Dry magnetic separation requires heating and drying of the selected materials, and pretreatment after classification and other conditions can be carried out. The wet strong magnetic field magnetic separator has a wide particle size and a lower particle size limit of 20um. Therefore, when the zircon grain size is fine, a wet magnetic separator is preferred.
Because there are many associated minerals in zircon ore, it needs to be combined by re-election, magnetic separation, flotation, and electric selection.
The beneficiation process of the beneficiation process is related to the associated beneficial mineral types. The process of mineral processing principle is shown in Table 2.
Zircon concentrators are often divided into wet and dry processes. The ore is first removed from the gangue minerals such as quartz, feldspar and mica by a re-election equipment such as a conical concentrator, a spiral concentrator, a shaker or a jig in the wet treatment stage. The obtained heavy minerals (coarse concentrate) are further separated from the remaining light minerals after 2 to 4 stages of selection, and then concentrated, dehydrated, dried, cooled, and sent to a dry processing section for further sorting. The dry processing section is generally composed of weak magnetic separation, strong magnetic separation, and electrostatic selection. Its purpose is to comprehensively recover minerals such as magnetite, ilmenite, rutile and monazite that are symbiotic with zircon. According to the difference of mineral magnetism and conductivity, magnetite can be recovered by weak magnetic separation; ilmenite and garnet can be recovered by strong magnetic separation; finally, monazite, rutile and zircon are separated by high-voltage electrostatic concentrator.
The Wuchang Concentrator in Wanning County, Hainan Province, China, processes the coastal sandstone containing zircon. The useful minerals in the ore are mainly ilmenite and zircon, followed by monazite, rutile, magnetite, cassiterite and trace gold. The zircon content is about 4%. The gangue mineral is mainly composed of quartz, and also contains a small amount of feldspar, mica and the like. The ore dressing uses a combination of magnetic separation, electro-election and re-election to recover zircon from the ilmenite tailings. The process flow is shown in Figure 1.
Australia's Western Australia sand mining company Kappel concentrator handles coastal sand mines. The ore has a heavy mineral content of 12% to 15%, of which ilmenite accounts for 75%, white titanium and zircon each account for 10%, and rutile accounts for 1%. Monazite accounts for 0.5%.
The factory is divided into two parts: wet selection plant and dry selection plant. The wet selection plant is located on the floating vessel. The raw ore is first sieved to remove the waste rock, and then dehydrated, de-sludged by a hydrocyclone, and fed into a conical concentrator for rough selection. The rough selection process of the wet selection plant is shown in Figure 2.
Since the useful minerals in the rough concentrate are mainly ilmenite, when entering the selected section, the ilmenite is first selected by a dry magnetic separator. After the titanium is selected, the material is sorted by a spiral concentrator to further discharge the light minerals. After drying, electroporation, magnetic separation and re-election are carried out to select monazite, zircon, ilmenite and the like. The process flow of the selected plant is shown in Figure 3.
Iron-based alloy powder is commonly used in plasma transfer arc welding (PTAW) due to its excellent mechanical properties and high resistance to corrosion and heat. This type of powder is typically composed of iron as the base metal, along with various alloying elements such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten.
The specific composition of the iron-based alloy powder may vary depending on the desired properties and application requirements. For example, adding nickel can increase the strength and toughness of the weld, while chromium enhances the corrosion resistance. Molybdenum and tungsten are often added to improve the high-temperature strength and creep resistance of the weld.
Iron-based alloy powders for PTAW are available in various particle sizes, typically ranging from a few micrometers to several hundred micrometers. The powder is usually fed into the plasma arc through a powder feeder, which ensures a controlled and consistent supply of powder during the welding process.
During PTAW, the powder is melted and deposited onto the workpiece, forming a weld bead. The high energy plasma arc provides the heat necessary to melt the powder and the base metal, creating a strong and durable weld joint.
Overall, iron-based alloy powder for plasma transfer arc welding offers excellent weldability, high mechanical properties, and resistance to corrosion and heat, making it suitable for a wide range of applications in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and power generation.
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